@article{martin_holding_2020,
	title = {Holding on to voters in volatile times: {Bonding} voters through party links with civil society},
	issn = {1354-0688},
	shorttitle = {Holding on to voters in volatile times},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820980304},
	doi = {10.1177/1354068820980304},
	abstract = {Political parties are increasingly confronted with electoral volatility. However, the support for some parties is more stable than that of others. Although it has been established that parties’ links to civil society stabilised their electorates in the period until the 1980s, it has not yet been investigated whether such links still fulfil this function in our volatile age. In this paper, we argue that traditional party connections, as well as links to modern day civil society organisations, continue to tie voters to parties. Using a novel dataset covering 149 parties in 29 elections in 14 West European countries, we establish that parties with stronger links to civil society do indeed have a more stable support base. This relationship holds for parties of the left and right. Our results demonstrate that parties’ societal embeddedness continues to play a role in understanding party competition in the 21st century.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {Party Politics},
	author = {Martin, Nick and de Lange, Sarah L and van der Brug, Wouter},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {civil society, elections, linkages, political parties, volatility},
	pages = {1354068820980304},
}

Political parties are increasingly confronted with electoral volatility. However, the support for some parties is more stable than that of others. Although it has been established that parties’ links to civil society stabilised their electorates in the period until the 1980s, it has not yet been investigated whether such links still fulfil this function in our volatile age. In this paper, we argue that traditional party connections, as well as links to modern day civil society organisations, continue to tie voters to parties. Using a novel dataset covering 149 parties in 29 elections in 14 West European countries, we establish that parties with stronger links to civil society do indeed have a more stable support base. This relationship holds for parties of the left and right. Our results demonstrate that parties’ societal embeddedness continues to play a role in understanding party competition in the 21st century.

@incollection{freire_methodological_2020,
	address = {London},
	title = {Methodological {Challenges} in the {Study} of {Political} {Elites}},
	isbn = {978-0-367-02294-5},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/methodological-challenges-study-political-elites-andr%C3%A9-freire-xavier-coller-ioannis-andreadis-antonio-jaime-sofia-serra-silva-evangelia-kartsounidou/e/10.4324/9780429400414-7},
	booktitle = {Political {Representation} in {Southern} {Europe} and {Latin} {America} {Crisis} or {Continuing} {Transformation} following the {Great} {Recession}?},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Freire, André and Coller, Xavier and Andreadis, Ioannis and Jaime, Antonio M. and Serra da Silva, Sofia and Kartsounidou, Evangelia},
	editor = {Freire, André and Barragán, Mélany and Coller, Xavier and Lisi, Marco and Tsatsanis, Emmanouil},
	year = {2020},
	note = {ECC: 0000000},
}

@article{popescu_electoral_2020,
	title = {Electoral {System} {Incentives} for a {Party}-{Serving} {Personal} {Vote} {How} {Can} {High} {Personalization} {Occur} under {PR}?},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0967-067X},
	url = {/cpcs/article/53/2/3/110708/Electoral-System-Incentives-for-a-Party-Serving},
	doi = {10.1525/cpcs.2020.53.2.3},
	abstract = {Candidate-centric campaigns are most likely to occur when electoral system incentives to personalize do not conflict with party-based incentives. Then it makes sense for candidates to use any campaign mean to improve their chances to win a seat while also helping the party win more seats and increasing their standing within the organization. The Romanian electoral system uniquely combined mechanisms that enabled all three motivations for almost all candidates. Our analysis of the degree and determinants of personalization in the 2012 parliamentary elections illustrates that electoral system incentives were key factors driving campaign personalization as a party-congruent rather than adversarial campaign strategy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-12-15},
	journal = {Communist and Post-Communist Studies},
	author = {Popescu, Marina and Chiru, Mihail},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: University of California Press},
	pages = {3--24},
}

Candidate-centric campaigns are most likely to occur when electoral system incentives to personalize do not conflict with party-based incentives. Then it makes sense for candidates to use any campaign mean to improve their chances to win a seat while also helping the party win more seats and increasing their standing within the organization. The Romanian electoral system uniquely combined mechanisms that enabled all three motivations for almost all candidates. Our analysis of the degree and determinants of personalization in the 2012 parliamentary elections illustrates that electoral system incentives were key factors driving campaign personalization as a party-congruent rather than adversarial campaign strategy.

@article{ostergaard-nielsen_styles_2020,
	title = {Styles of {Representation} in {Constituencies} in the {Homeland} and {Abroad}: {The} {Case} of {Italy}},
	issn = {0031-2290},
	shorttitle = {Styles of {Representation} in {Constituencies} in the {Homeland} and {Abroad}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa063},
	doi = {10.1093/pa/gsaa063},
	abstract = {The role orientation of political representatives and candidates is a longstanding concern in studies of democratic representation. The growing trend in countries to allow citizens abroad to candidate in homeland elections from afar provides an interesting opportunity for understanding how international mobility and context influences ideas of representation among these emigrant candidates. In public debates, emigrant candidates are often portrayed as delegates of the emigrant constituencies. However, drawing on the paradigmatic case of Italy and an original data set comprising emigrant candidates, we show that the perceptions of styles of representation abroad are more complex. Systemic differences between electoral districts at home and abroad are relevant for explaining why and how candidates develop a trustee or delegate orientation.},
	number = {gsaa063},
	urldate = {2020-12-14},
	journal = {Parliamentary Affairs},
	author = {Østergaard-Nielsen, Eva and Camatarri, Stefano},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
}

The role orientation of political representatives and candidates is a longstanding concern in studies of democratic representation. The growing trend in countries to allow citizens abroad to candidate in homeland elections from afar provides an interesting opportunity for understanding how international mobility and context influences ideas of representation among these emigrant candidates. In public debates, emigrant candidates are often portrayed as delegates of the emigrant constituencies. However, drawing on the paradigmatic case of Italy and an original data set comprising emigrant candidates, we show that the perceptions of styles of representation abroad are more complex. Systemic differences between electoral districts at home and abroad are relevant for explaining why and how candidates develop a trustee or delegate orientation.

@article{Andreadis,
	title = {The {Impact} of {Splitting} a {Long} {Online} {Questionnaire} on {Data} {Quality}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1864-3361},
	url = {https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/srm/article/view/7294},
	doi = {10.18148/SRM/2020.V14I1.7294},
	abstract = {Long self-administered questionnaires may suffer from lower response rates, higher drop-outs, and lower quality responses. A shorter questionnaire reduces the burden of respondents. Using this as a starting point, we test the following method: split the long questionnaire into sub-questionnaires; invite everyone to answer the first sub-questionnaire; when respondents complete the first sub-questionnaire, invite them to answer the second sub-questionnaire, and so on. We present evidence that after splitting a long questionnaire into two shorter parts, the response rates of these sub-questionnaires are significantly higher than the response rate of the original, undivided, long questionnaire. However, the cumulative response rate of both parts is lower than the response rate of the long undivided questionnaire. Finally, we show that the respondents of the survey using the original, long questionnaire: i) provide more non-substantive answers (“neither/nor”) to the Likert-type scale items and ii) give shorter answers to the open-ended questions of the survey than the respondents of the split survey. On the other hand, there is no significant difference between the long and the split questionnaire on the other indicators of response quality we have tested: item-nonresponse, speeding and straight-lining. This paper presents some first insights on splitting a long questionnaire into shorter parts. For now, the results are not promising to suggest with confidence to split the long questionnaire for the purpose of obtaining high data quality. Further research is needed to find the optimal interval time between the sub-questionnaires or the optimal length of the sub-questionnaires in which the overall response rate is maximized.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-04-17},
	journal = {Survey Research Methods},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Kartsounidou, Evangelia},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {data quality, drop, long questionnaire, out, response rates, web surveys},
	pages = {31--42},
}

Long self-administered questionnaires may suffer from lower response rates, higher drop-outs, and lower quality responses. A shorter questionnaire reduces the burden of respondents. Using this as a starting point, we test the following method: split the long questionnaire into sub-questionnaires; invite everyone to answer the first sub-questionnaire; when respondents complete the first sub-questionnaire, invite them to answer the second sub-questionnaire, and so on. We present evidence that after splitting a long questionnaire into two shorter parts, the response rates of these sub-questionnaires are significantly higher than the response rate of the original, undivided, long questionnaire. However, the cumulative response rate of both parts is lower than the response rate of the long undivided questionnaire. Finally, we show that the respondents of the survey using the original, long questionnaire: i) provide more non-substantive answers (“neither/nor”) to the Likert-type scale items and ii) give shorter answers to the open-ended questions of the survey than the respondents of the split survey. On the other hand, there is no significant difference between the long and the split questionnaire on the other indicators of response quality we have tested: item-nonresponse, speeding and straight-lining. This paper presents some first insights on splitting a long questionnaire into shorter parts. For now, the results are not promising to suggest with confidence to split the long questionnaire for the purpose of obtaining high data quality. Further research is needed to find the optimal interval time between the sub-questionnaires or the optimal length of the sub-questionnaires in which the overall response rate is maximized.

@book{de_winter_parliamentary_2020,
	title = {Parliamentary {Candidates} {Between} {Voters} and {Parties}: {A} {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Parliamentary-Candidates-Between-Voters-and-Parties-A-Comparative-Perspective/Winter-Karlsen-Schmitt/p/book/9780367248512},
	abstract = {This book offers the first comprehensive, comparative and coherent perspective on parliamentary candidates in contemporary representative democracy. Based on the unique database of the ‘Comparative Candidate Survey' project which interrogated parliamentary candidates in more than 30 countries, it fills a significant lacuna by focusing on the thousands of ordinary candidates that participate in national elections. It examines who the candidates are in terms of their socio-demographic backgroun},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {De Winter, Lieven and Karlsen, Rune and Schmitt, Hermann},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
}

This book offers the first comprehensive, comparative and coherent perspective on parliamentary candidates in contemporary representative democracy. Based on the unique database of the ‘Comparative Candidate Survey' project which interrogated parliamentary candidates in more than 30 countries, it fills a significant lacuna by focusing on the thousands of ordinary candidates that participate in national elections. It examines who the candidates are in terms of their socio-demographic backgroun

@book{freire_political_2020,
	title = {Political {Representation} in {Southern} {Europe} and {Latin} {America}},
	isbn = {978-0-429-40041-4},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Political-Representation-in-Southern-Europe-and-Latin-America-Crisis-or/Freire-Barragan-Coller-Lisi-Tsatsanis/p/book/9780367022945},
	abstract = {"This collective volume - with contributions from experts on these regions - examines broader questions about the current crises (The Great Recession and The Commodity Crisis) and the associated changes in political representation in both regions. It provides a general overview of political representation studies in Southern Europe and Latin America and builds bridges between the two traditions of political representation studies, affording greater understanding of developments in each region and promote future research collaboration between Southern Europe and Latin America. Finally, the book addresses questions of continuity and change in patterns of political representation after the onset of the two economic crises, specifically examining issues such as changes in citizens' democratic support and trust in political representatives and institutions, in-descriptive representation (in the sociodemographic profile of MPs) and in-substantive representation (in the link between voters and MPs in terms of ideological congruence and/or policy/issue orientations). This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of political elites, political representation, European and Latin American politics/studies, and more broadly to comparative politics"-- Introduction: The impact of the great recession and the commodity crisis upon political representation in Southern Europe and Latin America / André Freire, Mélany Barragán, Xavier Coller, Marco Lisi and Emmanouil Tsatsanis -- Southern Europe and the Eurozone crisis : political representation, party system characteristics and the impact of austerity / Marco Lisi and Emmanouil Tsatsanis -- The study of political representation in Greece : towards new patterns following the economic crisis? / Eftichia Teperoglou, Ioannis Andreadis and Theodore Chatzipantelis -- Modes of representation and parliamentary roles in Italy / Federico Russo and Luca Verzichelli -- Political representation in Portugal before and after the great recession : legitimation and ideological linkages between voters and their representatives / André Freire, Marco Lisi and Emmanouil Tsatsanis -- It is not the economy : how Spanish established political elites understand the (political) crisis and its effects / Xavier Coller, Manuel Jiménez-Sánchez and Manuel Portillo -- The social profile of Spanish elites following the great recession / Manuel Portillo-Pérez and Pablo Domínguez -- Methodological challenges in the study of political elites : some reflections from Southern Europe / André Freire, Xavier Coller, Ioannis Andreadis, Antonio M. Jaime, Sofia Serra-Silva and Evangelia Kartsounidou -- Latin American politics before and beyond the commodity crisis : representation, institutional design, and political cycles / Mélany Barragán and Manuel Alcántara -- Venezuela : changes and continuities in post-Chavez era / Juan Manuel Trak -- Political representation studies in Ecuador : links between elites and voters / Cristina Rivas, José Manuel Rivas and Alexandra Jima -- Political representation in Chile : continuities and change following the end of the commodities boom / Peter M. Siavelis -- Latin American parliamentary elites : a methodological approach / Mélany Barragán, Cristina Rivas and José Manuel Rivas.},
	urldate = {2020-06-15},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Freire, André and Barragán, Mélany and Coller, Xavier and Lisi, Marco and Tsatsanis, Emmanouil},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.4324/9780429400414},
}

"This collective volume - with contributions from experts on these regions - examines broader questions about the current crises (The Great Recession and The Commodity Crisis) and the associated changes in political representation in both regions. It provides a general overview of political representation studies in Southern Europe and Latin America and builds bridges between the two traditions of political representation studies, affording greater understanding of developments in each region and promote future research collaboration between Southern Europe and Latin America. Finally, the book addresses questions of continuity and change in patterns of political representation after the onset of the two economic crises, specifically examining issues such as changes in citizens' democratic support and trust in political representatives and institutions, in-descriptive representation (in the sociodemographic profile of MPs) and in-substantive representation (in the link between voters and MPs in terms of ideological congruence and/or policy/issue orientations). This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of political elites, political representation, European and Latin American politics/studies, and more broadly to comparative politics"– Introduction: The impact of the great recession and the commodity crisis upon political representation in Southern Europe and Latin America / André Freire, Mélany Barragán, Xavier Coller, Marco Lisi and Emmanouil Tsatsanis – Southern Europe and the Eurozone crisis : political representation, party system characteristics and the impact of austerity / Marco Lisi and Emmanouil Tsatsanis – The study of political representation in Greece : towards new patterns following the economic crisis? / Eftichia Teperoglou, Ioannis Andreadis and Theodore Chatzipantelis – Modes of representation and parliamentary roles in Italy / Federico Russo and Luca Verzichelli – Political representation in Portugal before and after the great recession : legitimation and ideological linkages between voters and their representatives / André Freire, Marco Lisi and Emmanouil Tsatsanis – It is not the economy : how Spanish established political elites understand the (political) crisis and its effects / Xavier Coller, Manuel Jiménez-Sánchez and Manuel Portillo – The social profile of Spanish elites following the great recession / Manuel Portillo-Pérez and Pablo Domínguez – Methodological challenges in the study of political elites : some reflections from Southern Europe / André Freire, Xavier Coller, Ioannis Andreadis, Antonio M. Jaime, Sofia Serra-Silva and Evangelia Kartsounidou – Latin American politics before and beyond the commodity crisis : representation, institutional design, and political cycles / Mélany Barragán and Manuel Alcántara – Venezuela : changes and continuities in post-Chavez era / Juan Manuel Trak – Political representation studies in Ecuador : links between elites and voters / Cristina Rivas, José Manuel Rivas and Alexandra Jima – Political representation in Chile : continuities and change following the end of the commodities boom / Peter M. Siavelis – Latin American parliamentary elites : a methodological approach / Mélany Barragán, Cristina Rivas and José Manuel Rivas.

@article{pedrazzani_responsiveness_2020,
	title = {Responsiveness when parties are “weak”: {A} candidate-based analysis of voter-party congruence in {Europe}},
	issn = {1354-0688},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068820968091},
	doi = {10.1177/1354068820968091},
	abstract = {Outside the US, the crucial question of how well politicians represent the preferences of voters is usually investigated at the party level. Reversing this perspective, we examine representation in Europe from the point of view of individual candidates running in national parliamentary elections. This is especially insightful in a period that seems characterized by a decline in parties’ representational capacities and an increasing personalization of politics. We analyze representation by considering the incongruence between candidates’ left–right positions and the average placement of their party voters. By combining candidate survey data with mass survey data on voters, we assess how ideological incongruence varies according to predictors measured at the levels of candidates, parties, and party systems. The results highlight a systematic association between a partisan style of representation and candidates’ proximity to voters, as well as the interactions between representational roles and factors such as the anti-establishment nature of parties and ideological polarization in the party system.},
	urldate = {2020-11-03},
	journal = {Party Politics},
	author = {Pedrazzani, Andrea and Segatti, Paolo},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	keywords = {Europe, candidates, congruence, left–right, political parties, representation},
}

Outside the US, the crucial question of how well politicians represent the preferences of voters is usually investigated at the party level. Reversing this perspective, we examine representation in Europe from the point of view of individual candidates running in national parliamentary elections. This is especially insightful in a period that seems characterized by a decline in parties’ representational capacities and an increasing personalization of politics. We analyze representation by considering the incongruence between candidates’ left–right positions and the average placement of their party voters. By combining candidate survey data with mass survey data on voters, we assess how ideological incongruence varies according to predictors measured at the levels of candidates, parties, and party systems. The results highlight a systematic association between a partisan style of representation and candidates’ proximity to voters, as well as the interactions between representational roles and factors such as the anti-establishment nature of parties and ideological polarization in the party system.

@incollection{Andreadis2017,
	title = {Elite {Surveys}},
	booktitle = {The {Ideational} {Approach} to {Populism}: {Concept}, {Theory}, and {Analysis}},
	publisher = {Democracy and Extremism Series, Routledge},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Ruth, Saskia P.},
	editor = {Hawkins, Kirk and Carlin, Ryan and Littvay, Levente and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristobal},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {112--127},
}

@article{giannetti_personal_2019,
	title = {Personal ambitions, expertise and parties' control: {Understanding} committee assignment in the {Italian} chamber of deputies},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {14602482},
	doi = {10.1093/pa/gsy013},
	abstract = {n this study, we look at committee assignment by focusing on the extent to which MPs’ desires to become members of certain committees are fulfilled. Our theoretical argument is based on the assumption that legislators pursue individ- ual goals, which interact with party leaders’ ones. To test our hypotheses, we use original survey data on elected candidates to the Italian Parliament that were col- lected immediately after the 2013 general election. Our main findings highlight that individual preferences driven by distributive interests are more likely to be ac- commodated in the case of legislators who are close to their party in ideological terms. On the contrary, ideological proximity to the party does not seem to affect committee assignment when MPs’ preferences are driven by expertise-based motivations.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Parliamentary Affairs},
	author = {Giannetti, Daniela and Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {Committee assignment, Italian parliament, Legislative committees, Legislative organisation, Party unity, Political parties},
	pages = {119--140},
}

n this study, we look at committee assignment by focusing on the extent to which MPs’ desires to become members of certain committees are fulfilled. Our theoretical argument is based on the assumption that legislators pursue individ- ual goals, which interact with party leaders’ ones. To test our hypotheses, we use original survey data on elected candidates to the Italian Parliament that were col- lected immediately after the 2013 general election. Our main findings highlight that individual preferences driven by distributive interests are more likely to be ac- commodated in the case of legislators who are close to their party in ideological terms. On the contrary, ideological proximity to the party does not seem to affect committee assignment when MPs’ preferences are driven by expertise-based motivations.

@article{steiner_intra-party_2019,
	title = {Intra-party heterogeneity in policy preferences and its effect on issue salience: {Developing} and applying a measure based on elite survey data},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {14603683},
	doi = {10.1177/1354068817715553},
	abstract = {Quantitative research on party politics often has to assume that parties are unitary actors with homogeneous policy preferences simply because intra-party heterogeneity is difficult to measure. This article proposes a measure of preference heterogeneity based on surveys of party elites. We draw on Comparative Candidates Survey (CCS) data from 28 elections in 21 developed democracies to quantify intra-party heterogeneity and validate this measure. The usefulness of the measure is demonstrated by studying the effects of intra-party heterogeneity on issue salience. We find support for the hypothesis that heterogeneity regarding a policy issue tends to be negatively associated with the emphasis a party places on that issue by regressing measures of issue salience from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and the Manifesto Project on our CCS measure of heterogeneity. Problems of elite surveys notwithstanding, drawing on this data source seems a promising way to overcome the unitary party assumption.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Party Politics},
	author = {Steiner, Nils D. and Mader, Matthias},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	keywords = {elite surveys, ideology, intra-party heterogeneity, issue attention, party positions},
	pages = {336--348},
}

Quantitative research on party politics often has to assume that parties are unitary actors with homogeneous policy preferences simply because intra-party heterogeneity is difficult to measure. This article proposes a measure of preference heterogeneity based on surveys of party elites. We draw on Comparative Candidates Survey (CCS) data from 28 elections in 21 developed democracies to quantify intra-party heterogeneity and validate this measure. The usefulness of the measure is demonstrated by studying the effects of intra-party heterogeneity on issue salience. We find support for the hypothesis that heterogeneity regarding a policy issue tends to be negatively associated with the emphasis a party places on that issue by regressing measures of issue salience from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and the Manifesto Project on our CCS measure of heterogeneity. Problems of elite surveys notwithstanding, drawing on this data source seems a promising way to overcome the unitary party assumption.

@article{tromborg_candidate_2019,
	title = {Candidate nomination rules and party leader strategies},
	issn = {1354-0688},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068819853967},
	doi = {10.1177/1354068819853967},
	journal = {Party Politics},
	author = {Tromborg, Mathias Wessel},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {135406881985396},
}

@article{lewandowsky_policy_2019,
	title = {Policy congruence and strategic loyalty: which parties nominate candidates dissatisfied with democracy? {Evidence} from 11 {European} countries},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2474-736X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2474736X.2019.1628616},
	doi = {10.1080/2474736X.2019.1628616},
	abstract = {ABSTRACTThis article considers the interplay between the democratic attitudes of candidates and their nomination through political parties. The focus is on candidates who articulate a dissatisfied ...},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-10-15},
	journal = {Political Research Exchange},
	author = {Lewandowsky, Marcel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Political parties, anti-establishment parties, candidates, democratic dissatisfaction, political elites},
	pages = {1628616},
}

ABSTRACTThis article considers the interplay between the democratic attitudes of candidates and their nomination through political parties. The focus is on candidates who articulate a dissatisfied ...

@article{mader_party_2019,
	title = {Party institutionalization and intra-party preference homogeneity},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1865-2646},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12286-019-00421-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s12286-019-00421-9},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-09-03},
	journal = {Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft},
	author = {Mader, Matthias and Steiner, Nils D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},
	pages = {199--224},
}

@book{vandeleene_candidates_2019,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Candidates, {Parties} and {Voters} in the {Belgian} {Partitocracy}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-96459-1},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-96460-7},
	urldate = {2019-05-04},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	editor = {Vandeleene, Audrey and De Winter, Lieven and Baudewyns, Pierre},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-96460-7},
}

@article{chiru_cheap_2018,
	title = {Cheap {Talk} or {Proper} {Signaling}? {Styles} of {Campaigning} and {Engagement} in {Constituency} {Service}},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {00384941},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404},
	doi = {10.1111/ssqu.12404},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-05-04},
	journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
	author = {Chiru, Mihail},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {283--295},
}

@article{schumacher_party_2018,
	title = {Party performance explains disagreement between politicians and their parties},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {17439655},
	doi = {10.1080/01402382.2017.1359013},
	abstract = {Are politicians more likely to disagree with their party after an electoral defeat or during a spell in opposition? If so, are they likely to advocate a more moderate or a more radical position than their party? In order to evaluate this, the article analyses the absolute distance between candidates for parliament and their parties on the left–right dimension. The sample used consists of 5614 politicians from 11 countries (Comparative Candidate Survey). Controlling for party system differences and individual characteristics, the results demonstrate that politicians take more moderate positions than their party after an electoral defeat. Also politicians of government parties are surprisingly more likely to disagree than politicians of opposition parties. These results overlap with predictions of party position shifts and inform the discussion on how intra-party dynamics bring about changes in party position. In addition, the article finds evidence of loss aversion, and differences in the responsiveness of elite and non-elite candidates. KEYWORDS},
	number = {2},
	journal = {West European Politics},
	author = {Schumacher, Gijs and Elmelund-Præstekær, Christian},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Party positions, candidates, electoral performance, intra-party politics, intra-party unity},
	pages = {329--349},
}

Are politicians more likely to disagree with their party after an electoral defeat or during a spell in opposition? If so, are they likely to advocate a more moderate or a more radical position than their party? In order to evaluate this, the article analyses the absolute distance between candidates for parliament and their parties on the left–right dimension. The sample used consists of 5614 politicians from 11 countries (Comparative Candidate Survey). Controlling for party system differences and individual characteristics, the results demonstrate that politicians take more moderate positions than their party after an electoral defeat. Also politicians of government parties are surprisingly more likely to disagree than politicians of opposition parties. These results overlap with predictions of party position shifts and inform the discussion on how intra-party dynamics bring about changes in party position. In addition, the article finds evidence of loss aversion, and differences in the responsiveness of elite and non-elite candidates. KEYWORDS

@article{Andreadis2018a,
	title = {Validating and {Improving} {Voting} {Advice} {Applications}: {Estimating} {Party} {Positions} {Using} {Candidate} {Surveys}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2151-7509},
	url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.ahead-of-print/spp-2018-0012/spp-2018-0012.xml},
	doi = {10.1515/spp-2018-0012},
	abstract = {Locating political parties correctly regarding different policy issues is not just crucial for research on parties, party competition, and many similar fields but also for the electorate. For the latter, it has become more and more important as the relevance of voting advice applications (VAA) has increased and as their main usage is to compare citizens’ policy preferences to the offer of political parties. However, if party positions are not adequately assigned, citizens are provided with suboptimal information which decreases the citizens’ capacities to make rational electoral decision. VAA designers follow different approaches to determining party positions. In this paper, we look beyond most common sources like electoral manifestos and expert judgments by using surveys of electoral candidates to validate and improve VAAs. We argue that by using positions derived from candidate surveys we get the information by the source itself, but at the same time we overcome most of the disadvantages of the other methods. Using data for the 2014 European Parliament election both in Greece and Germany, we show that while positions taken from the VAAs and from the candidate surveys do match more often than not, we also find substantive differences and even opposing positions. Moreover, these occasional differences have already rather severe consequences looking at calculated overlaps between citizens and parties as well as representations of the political competition space and party system polarization. These differences seem to be more pronounced in Greece. We conclude that candidate surveys are indeed a valid additional source to validate and improve VAAs.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-03-12},
	journal = {Statistics, Politics and Policy},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Giebler, Heiko},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	pages = {135--160},
}

Locating political parties correctly regarding different policy issues is not just crucial for research on parties, party competition, and many similar fields but also for the electorate. For the latter, it has become more and more important as the relevance of voting advice applications (VAA) has increased and as their main usage is to compare citizens’ policy preferences to the offer of political parties. However, if party positions are not adequately assigned, citizens are provided with suboptimal information which decreases the citizens’ capacities to make rational electoral decision. VAA designers follow different approaches to determining party positions. In this paper, we look beyond most common sources like electoral manifestos and expert judgments by using surveys of electoral candidates to validate and improve VAAs. We argue that by using positions derived from candidate surveys we get the information by the source itself, but at the same time we overcome most of the disadvantages of the other methods. Using data for the 2014 European Parliament election both in Greece and Germany, we show that while positions taken from the VAAs and from the candidate surveys do match more often than not, we also find substantive differences and even opposing positions. Moreover, these occasional differences have already rather severe consequences looking at calculated overlaps between citizens and parties as well as representations of the political competition space and party system polarization. These differences seem to be more pronounced in Greece. We conclude that candidate surveys are indeed a valid additional source to validate and improve VAAs.

@article{pedrazzani_italian_2018,
	title = {Italian candidates under the {Rosato} law},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2420-8434},
	abstract = {Candidates for public office are part of the politically 'active minority' that serve as a fundamental link between voters and the ruling class. The selection of candidates can also define the traits of political personnel in the major political institutions and, more in general, the very nature of democratic representation. The study of candidates is particularly interesting in the case of the 2018 Italian elections as it allows us to understand the extent to which Italian citizens are willing to run for office despite a negative climate towards politics, and despite parties' choices under the new mixed electoral system-the so-called 'Rosato law'. This article investigates a number of key characteristics of the Italian candidates running for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 2018 and compares them with those who stood for office in the past elections from 1976 onwards. In particular, we focus on the following aspects: the overall number of candidacies and party lists, the use of multiple candidacies by different parties, and some relevant traits of candidates such as their age, gender and past experience as candidates. Results highlight the impact of the new electoral institutions, as in 2018 the overall number of Italian candidates and lists has decreased if compared to the 2013 elections. However, the new rules have not substantially reduced the number of those who run for office without any reasonable possibility of obtaining a parliamentary seat. In addition, the population of Italian would-be deputies has become more balanced in terms of gender-though not any younger-and the turnover rate among Italian candidates seems to be somewhat lower than in 2013. Furthermore, moving from 2013 to 2018, the leaders of Italian parties have made more moderate use of multiple candidacies as a tool for controlling party members. In the last elections, multiple candidacies were employed mostly for safeguarding the election of some prominent politicians.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Italian Political Science},
	author = {Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca and Segatti, Paolo},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {19--35},
}

Candidates for public office are part of the politically 'active minority' that serve as a fundamental link between voters and the ruling class. The selection of candidates can also define the traits of political personnel in the major political institutions and, more in general, the very nature of democratic representation. The study of candidates is particularly interesting in the case of the 2018 Italian elections as it allows us to understand the extent to which Italian citizens are willing to run for office despite a negative climate towards politics, and despite parties' choices under the new mixed electoral system-the so-called 'Rosato law'. This article investigates a number of key characteristics of the Italian candidates running for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 2018 and compares them with those who stood for office in the past elections from 1976 onwards. In particular, we focus on the following aspects: the overall number of candidacies and party lists, the use of multiple candidacies by different parties, and some relevant traits of candidates such as their age, gender and past experience as candidates. Results highlight the impact of the new electoral institutions, as in 2018 the overall number of Italian candidates and lists has decreased if compared to the 2013 elections. However, the new rules have not substantially reduced the number of those who run for office without any reasonable possibility of obtaining a parliamentary seat. In addition, the population of Italian would-be deputies has become more balanced in terms of gender-though not any younger-and the turnover rate among Italian candidates seems to be somewhat lower than in 2013. Furthermore, moving from 2013 to 2018, the leaders of Italian parties have made more moderate use of multiple candidacies as a tool for controlling party members. In the last elections, multiple candidacies were employed mostly for safeguarding the election of some prominent politicians.

@article{verge_gendered_2018,
	title = {Gendered political resources: {The} case of party office},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {14603683},
	doi = {10.1177/1354068816663040},
	abstract = {Party office is a crucial political resource for those seeking a political career. It provides advantageous access to the distribution of the patronage parties are entitled to in party government democracies. This article aims at measuring this comparative advantage while simultaneously investigating whether it benefits women and men equally in political recruitment processes. We concentrate on viable candidacy for parliamentary office, ministerial appointments, as well as post-ministerial offices in public and semi-public life that are also in the hands of political parties to distribute. Our cross-national analysis of advanced industrial democracies shows that men are much more likely than women to benefit from holding party office in their ascendant political careers, even when controlling for other political resources, sociodemographic factors and country-level variables. This suggests that party office is a gendered political resource and that gender power dynamics are deeply entrenched in political parties.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Party Politics},
	author = {Verge, Tània and Claveria, Sílvia},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	keywords = {gender power, party patronage, political parties, political recruitment, women’s representation},
	pages = {536--548},
}

Party office is a crucial political resource for those seeking a political career. It provides advantageous access to the distribution of the patronage parties are entitled to in party government democracies. This article aims at measuring this comparative advantage while simultaneously investigating whether it benefits women and men equally in political recruitment processes. We concentrate on viable candidacy for parliamentary office, ministerial appointments, as well as post-ministerial offices in public and semi-public life that are also in the hands of political parties to distribute. Our cross-national analysis of advanced industrial democracies shows that men are much more likely than women to benefit from holding party office in their ascendant political careers, even when controlling for other political resources, sociodemographic factors and country-level variables. This suggests that party office is a gendered political resource and that gender power dynamics are deeply entrenched in political parties.

@article{Andreadis2017a,
	title = {European {Populist} {Parties} in {Government}: {How} {Well} are {Voters} {Represented}? {Evidence} from {Greece}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {14247755},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255},
	doi = {10.1111/spsr.12255},
	abstract = {© 2017 Swiss Political Science Association. In this paper we focus on the two populist parties, one radical left and one radical right, that have formed a coalition government after the January 2015 elections in Greece: SYRIZA and Independent Greeks (ANEL). Using data from the Greek Candidate Study 2015 and the Greek Voter Study 2015 we study the congruence between party voters and party elites for these two parties, also comparing them with mainstream, non-populist parties. Employing a slightly modified ?many to many' approach, we measure congruence on a variety of issues (economic policy, austerity, Euroscepticism, immigration, law and order) and ideological divides (left/right, populism/anti-populism) in order to assess the factors explaining the paradoxical resilience of Greek populism in power. The evidence generated can help us account for the trajectory of political antagonism in the Greek context throughout 2015 and in drawing some broader conclusions and challenges for future populism research.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-06-07},
	journal = {Swiss Political Science Review},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Stavrakakis, Yannis},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Congruence, Greece, Populism, Representation, Voting behavior},
	pages = {485--508},
}

© 2017 Swiss Political Science Association. In this paper we focus on the two populist parties, one radical left and one radical right, that have formed a coalition government after the January 2015 elections in Greece: SYRIZA and Independent Greeks (ANEL). Using data from the Greek Candidate Study 2015 and the Greek Voter Study 2015 we study the congruence between party voters and party elites for these two parties, also comparing them with mainstream, non-populist parties. Employing a slightly modified ?many to many' approach, we measure congruence on a variety of issues (economic policy, austerity, Euroscepticism, immigration, law and order) and ideological divides (left/right, populism/anti-populism) in order to assess the factors explaining the paradoxical resilience of Greek populism in power. The evidence generated can help us account for the trajectory of political antagonism in the Greek context throughout 2015 and in drawing some broader conclusions and challenges for future populism research.

@book{Freire2016,
	title = {Political {Representation} in {Times} of {Bailout}},
	isbn = {978-1-315-67526-8},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Freire, André and Lisi, Marco and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite, José Manuel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.4324/9781315675268},
}

@article{lloren_gendered_2017,
	title = {Gendered policy preferences? {Candidates}’ views on political issues in a comparative perspective},
	volume = {15},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4},
	doi = {10.1057/cep.2015.4},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Comparative European Politics},
	author = {Lloren, Anouk and Rosset, Jan},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {944--968},
}

@article{Stavrakakis2017,
	title = {A new populism index at work: identifying populist candidates and parties in the contemporary {Greek} context},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {2374-5118},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434},
	doi = {10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434},
	abstract = {ABSTRACTInterrogating available indexes from a discourse-theoretical point of view, this paper utilizes a reformulated populism index in order to identify populist parties. In particular, the index is applied in a candidate survey carried out in Greece in 2015. Findings indicate that this index allows for a clear differentiation between populist and non-populist parties. Based on candidate attitudes, SYRIZA and ANEL belong to the first group whereas New Democracy, PASOK and River to the second. The examination of additional survey items reveals a clear ideological division within the populist camp: right-wing populism is exclusionary, while left-wing populism more inclusive and pluralist.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-01-16},
	journal = {European Politics and Society},
	author = {Stavrakakis, Yannis and Andreadis, Ioannis and Katsambekis, Giorgos},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Candidates, Greece, discourse, populism, surveys},
	pages = {446--464},
}

ABSTRACTInterrogating available indexes from a discourse-theoretical point of view, this paper utilizes a reformulated populism index in order to identify populist parties. In particular, the index is applied in a candidate survey carried out in Greece in 2015. Findings indicate that this index allows for a clear differentiation between populist and non-populist parties. Based on candidate attitudes, SYRIZA and ANEL belong to the first group whereas New Democracy, PASOK and River to the second. The examination of additional survey items reveals a clear ideological division within the populist camp: right-wing populism is exclusionary, while left-wing populism more inclusive and pluralist.

@inproceedings{andreadis_conducting_2016,
	address = {University Donja Gorica, Podgorica, 1-2 July 2016},
	title = {Conducting a {Candidate} {Study} as a {Web}-{Survey}. {Advantages}, {Challenges} and {Best} {Practices}.},
	booktitle = {1st {BCES} {International} {Scientific} {Conference}},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Kartsounidou, Evangelia},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Issue: July},
	keywords = {candidate study, nonresponse, web survey design, web surveys},
	pages = {1--2},
}

@book{di_virgilio_rappresentanza_2016,
	address = {Bologna},
	title = {La rappresentanza politica in {Italia} : candidati ed elettori nelle elezioni politiche del 2013},
	isbn = {978-88-15-25807-6},
	url = {https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Il mulino},
	author = {Di Virgilio, Aldo and Segatti, Paolo},
	year = {2016},
}

@inproceedings{giannetti_mapping_2016,
	address = {Prague},
	title = {Mapping {European} parties’ policy positions by using data from the {Comparative} {Candidates} {Survey}.},
	booktitle = {X {ECPR} {General} {Conference}},
	author = {Giannetti, Daniela and Pinto, Luca.},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{freire_participacao_2016,
	address = {Lisboa},
	title = {Participação e {Representação} {Políticas} na {Europa} em {Crise}},
	url = {https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&btnG=#d=gs_cit&u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Assembleia da República, Coleção Parlamento},
	author = {Freire, A and Lisi, M and Viegas, JM},
	year = {2016},
}

@inproceedings{andreadis_using_2015,
	address = {London},
	title = {Using {Surveys} to {Measure} the {Populist} {Attitudes} of {Political} {Elites} and {Voters}: {A} {Greek} {Pilot} {Study} of {Supply} and {Demand}},
	url = {http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	booktitle = {Team {Populism} {Conference} ‘{Solving} the {Puzzles} of {Populism}’},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Stavrakakis, Yannis and Katsambekis, Giorgos},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Political Science},
}

@article{chiru_choosing_2015,
	title = {Choosing your own {Boss}: {Variations} of {Representation} {Foci} in {Mixed} {Electoral} {Systems}},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025},
	doi = {10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {The Journal of Legislative Studies},
	author = {Chiru, Mihail and Enyedi, Zsolt},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {495--514},
}

@article{de_winter_candidate_2015,
	title = {Candidate centred campaigning in a party centred context: {The} case of {Belgium}},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	author = {De Winter, L and Baudewyns, P},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {295--305},
}

@inproceedings{Andreadis2015j,
	address = {Thessaloniki},
	title = {Estimating the position of political parties: comparison between an expert survey and a candidate survey},
	abstract = {Presented at the Workshop on using Expert Judgement, Malta: 7 - 9 October 2015 and at the NECE conference, Thessaloniki 22 - 24 October 2015},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {{NECE} conference},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2015},
}

Presented at the Workshop on using Expert Judgement, Malta: 7 - 9 October 2015 and at the NECE conference, Thessaloniki 22 - 24 October 2015

@article{chiru_multiple_2015,
	title = {Multiple {Candidacies} and the {Role} of the {Lowest} {Electoral} {Tier} for {Individualized} {Campaigning}},
	volume = {29},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761},
	doi = {10.1177/0888325415569761},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {East European Politics and Societies},
	author = {Chiru, Mihail},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {892--914},
}

@book{freire_political_2015,
	title = {Political {Representation} in {Portugal}: {The} {Years} of the {Socialist} {Majority}, 2005-2009},
	url = {https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT26&dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&ots=svnyE5hWzM&sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Leya},
	author = {Freire, A and Viegas, J.M.L.},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{freire_crise_2015,
	address = {Lisboa},
	title = {Crise económica, políticas de austeridade e representação política},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Assembleia da República.},
	author = {Freire, A. and Lisi, M. and Viegas, J.M.L.},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{selb_lone_2015,
	title = {Lone fighters: {Intraparty} competition, interparty competition, and candidates' vote seeking efforts in open-ballot {PR} elections},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	author = {Selb, P. and Lutz, G.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {329--337},
}

@article{DiVirgilio2015,
	title = {Candidates in 2013 {Italian} general election: evidence from the {Italian} {Candidate} {Survey}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0048-8402},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/ipo.2015.15},
	abstract = {Changes in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-05-04},
	journal = {Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica},
	author = {Di Virgilio, Aldo and Giannetti, Daniela and Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {317--342},
}

Changes in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.

@inproceedings{Kartsounidou2015,
	address = {Thessaloniki},
	title = {Increasing the response rate of the {Comparative} {Candidate} {Survey}},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {{DSC22015}},
	author = {Kartsounidou, E and Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{zittel_constituency_2015,
	title = {Constituency candidates in comparative perspective–{How} personalized are constituency campaigns, why, and does it matter?},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	author = {Zittel, T},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {286--294},
}

@article{Freire2014a,
	title = {Political {Representation} in {Bailed}-out {Southern} {Europe}: {Greece} and {Portugal} {Compared}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1360-8746},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381},
	doi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.984381},
	abstract = {The emergence of the economic and financial crisis has already shown important electoral and political consequences in southern Europe. Drawing on the experience of two bailed-out countries, Greece and Portugal, we use original data collected before and after 2008 to examine how patterns of political representation have changed during this period. We argue that austerity measures have significantly affected the way MPs represent their electorates, namely in terms of policy congruence. In addition, the economic crisis has also deepened the legitimacy crisis in both countries. Finally, we find that the short-term impact of the crisis has had a greater impact on voters' attitudes than on those of their representatives.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-03-17},
	journal = {South European Society and Politics},
	author = {Freire, André and Lisi, Marco and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite Viegas, J.M. José Manuel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal},
	pages = {413--433},
}

The emergence of the economic and financial crisis has already shown important electoral and political consequences in southern Europe. Drawing on the experience of two bailed-out countries, Greece and Portugal, we use original data collected before and after 2008 to examine how patterns of political representation have changed during this period. We argue that austerity measures have significantly affected the way MPs represent their electorates, namely in terms of policy congruence. In addition, the economic crisis has also deepened the legitimacy crisis in both countries. Finally, we find that the short-term impact of the crisis has had a greater impact on voters' attitudes than on those of their representatives.

@article{Onnudottir2014,
	title = {Policy {Congruence} and {Style} of {Representation}: {Party} {Voters} and {Political} {Parties}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {17439655},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057},
	doi = {10.1080/01402382.2013.841057},
	abstract = {This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties who are partisans, delegates or trustees. Policy congruence refers to how close on the left--right scale the mean position of a party as placed by its candidates is compared to that of party voters. The article concludes that where there are higher proportions of trustees within parties, there is a greater degree of policy congruence, whereas a higher proportion of partisans results in less policy congruence. The proportion of delegates has no significant impact on congruence after taking account of other party and country measures. This indicates that party constraints on representatives are applied at the cost of congruence with voters, and that when representatives enjoy more flexibility to follow their own opinions, the party displays greater congruence with its own voters.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-03-17},
	journal = {West European Politics},
	author = {Önnudóttir, Eva H.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	pages = {538--563},
}

This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties who are partisans, delegates or trustees. Policy congruence refers to how close on the left–right scale the mean position of a party as placed by its candidates is compared to that of party voters. The article concludes that where there are higher proportions of trustees within parties, there is a greater degree of policy congruence, whereas a higher proportion of partisans results in less policy congruence. The proportion of delegates has no significant impact on congruence after taking account of other party and country measures. This indicates that party constraints on representatives are applied at the cost of congruence with voters, and that when representatives enjoy more flexibility to follow their own opinions, the party displays greater congruence with its own voters.

@article{freire_awakening_2014,
	title = {Awakening the {Sleeping} {Giant} in {Greece} and {Portugal}? {Elites}' and {Voters}' {Attitudes} towards {EU} {Integration} in {Difficult} {Economic} {Times}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1360-8746},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311},
	doi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.983311},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {South European Society and Politics},
	author = {Freire, André and Teperoglou, Eftichia and Moury, Catherine},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	pages = {477--499},
}

@article{Teperoglou2014,
	title = {Elites' and {Voters}' {Attitudes} towards {Austerity} {Policies} and their {Consequences} in {Greece} and {Portugal}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1360-8746},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306},
	doi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.983306},
	abstract = {© 2014 Taylor \& Francis. This article analyses the attitudes of the political elite and voters in Greece and Portugal vis-à-vis the Troika bailouts, austerity policies and the attribution of responsibilities for the crisis. Using both elite and mass surveys with similar questions, the article explores to what extent the elites and voters share similar attitudes, what might explain possible differences between these two groups and between the two countries and what this information can tell us about the quality of political representation in Greece and Portugal. The differences between the countries are explained mainly by the severity of the crisis and austerity policies in each country, but also by the diversity of political conditions.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-03-17},
	journal = {South European Society and Politics},
	author = {Teperoglou, Eftichia and Freire, André and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite Viegas, J.M. José Manuel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal},
	pages = {457--476},
}

© 2014 Taylor & Francis. This article analyses the attitudes of the political elite and voters in Greece and Portugal vis-à-vis the Troika bailouts, austerity policies and the attribution of responsibilities for the crisis. Using both elite and mass surveys with similar questions, the article explores to what extent the elites and voters share similar attitudes, what might explain possible differences between these two groups and between the two countries and what this information can tell us about the quality of political representation in Greece and Portugal. The differences between the countries are explained mainly by the severity of the crisis and austerity policies in each country, but also by the diversity of political conditions.

@techreport{trumm_comparative_2014,
	title = {A {Comparative} {Study} of the {Effects} of {Electoral} {Institutions} on {Campaigns}},
	abstract = {A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna , and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.},
	author = {Trumm, Siim and Sudulich, Maria Laura},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2385892},
	note = {Publication Title: SSRN},
	keywords = {campaign means, campaign style, electoral institutions, party-candidate relations},
}

A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna , and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.

@incollection{schmitt_nationale_2013,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	title = {Nationale {Parteien} oder lokale {Kandidaten}? {Eine} {Analyse} ihrer elektoralen {Orientierungsleistungen} bei der {Bundestagswahl} 2009},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {Wahlen und {Wähler}},
	publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},
	author = {Schmitt, Hermann},
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23},
	pages = {514--529},
}

@inproceedings{andreadis_measuring_2012,
	address = {Mannheim},
	title = {Measuring satisfaction with democracy among candidates: {What} is the effect of the electoral outcome?},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {2nd {Plenary} {Conference} of the {CCS}, {MZES}},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {pp. 27--29},
}

@inproceedings{teperoglou_investigating_2012,
	address = {Mannheim},
	title = {Investigating consensus versus conflict between the {Greek} and {Portuguese} political elites during the economic crisis: a matter of ideology?},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {nd {Plenary} {Conference} of the {CCS}, {MZES}},
	author = {Teperoglou, E and Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {27--29},
}

@incollection{giebler_individuelle_2011,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	title = {Individuelle {Wahlkämpfe} bei der {Europawahl} 2009: {Länderübergreifende} und ebenenspezifische {Befunde}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {Superwahljahr 2009},
	publisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},
	author = {Giebler, Heiko and Wüst, Andreas M.},
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5},
	pages = {121--152},
}

@article{karlsen_platform_2011,
	title = {A {Platform} for {Individualized} {Campaigning}? {Social} {Media} and {Parliamentary} {Candidates} in the 2009 {Norwegian} {Election} {Campaign}},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137},
	doi = {10.2202/1944-2866.1137},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Policy \& Internet},
	author = {Karlsen, Rune},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1--25},
}

@incollection{gschwend_machen_2011,
	title = {Machen {Wahlkreiskandidaten} einen {Unterschied}? {Die} {Persönlichkeitswahl} als interaktiver {Prozess}},
	url = {http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845262178_378},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {Wählen in {Deutschland}},
	publisher = {Nomos},
	author = {Gschwend, Thomas and Zittel, Thomas},
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.5771/9783845262178_378},
	pages = {378--399},
}

@article{meirinho_candidatos_2011,
	title = {Candidatos, {Eleitores} e {Campanhas} {Eleitorais}: {As} {Eleições} {Legislativas} de 2009 em {Perspectiva}},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Revista de Ciências Sociais e Políticas/Journal of Social and Political Sciences},
	author = {Meirinho, Manuel and Freire, André and Teixeira, C. P. and Leite Viegas, J. M.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1--149},
}

@inproceedings{lutz_personal_2010,
	title = {Personal vote seeking and district magnitude in open list {PR} systems. {Evidence} from {Switzerland}},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}"},
	author = {Lutz, Georg and Selb, Peter},
	year = {2010},
}

@inproceedings{schmitt_national_2010,
	address = {Lawrence},
	title = {National parties or local candidates? {An} assessment of {German} voters' choice options in the {Bundestag} election of 2009},
	booktitle = {German {Bundestags} election 2009},
	author = {Schmitt, Hermann},
	year = {2010},
}

@inproceedings{schmitt_determinants_2010,
	address = {Gothenburg},
	title = {Determinants of non-response to the open-ended question on the meaning of left and right: {A} comparison of political elites and the mass public in {Germany}.},
	booktitle = {{ISA} {Conference}},
	author = {Schmitt, Hermann and Scholz, Evi and Züll, Conny},
	year = {2010},
}

@article{teperoglou_cleavages_2010,
	title = {Cleavages of {Voters} and {Candidates} in the {National} and the {European} {Dimension}: {Convergences} and {Divergences}},
	volume = {25},
	journal = {Science and Society–Journal of Political and Moral Theory},
	author = {Teperoglou, E. and Chadjipadelis, T. and Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {37--63},
}

@inproceedings{cross_constituency_2009,
	title = {Constituency {Campaigning} in {Canada}},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Cross, William},
	year = {2009},
}

@inproceedings{arter_when_2009,
	title = {When do individual candidates individualise their constituency campaigns? {Reflections} from the {Finnish} experience},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Arter, David},
	year = {2009},
}

@inproceedings{de_winter_belgian_2009,
	title = {Belgian candidates in search of a constituency},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {De Winter, Lieven},
	year = {2009},
}

@inproceedings{eder_party_2009,
	title = {Party {Democracy} and {Individualized} {Constituency} {Campaigning}: {Candidates} {Strategies} and {Behavior} in the 2006 {Austrian} {Elections}},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Eder, Nikolaus and Marcello, Jenny and Müller, W. C.},
	year = {2009},
}

@book{freire_representacao_2009,
	address = {Lisboa},
	title = {Representação {Política}. {O} {Caso} {Português} em {Perspectiva} {Comparada}},
	publisher = {Sextante.},
	author = {Freire, André and Leite Viegas, José Manuel},
	year = {2009},
}

@inproceedings{marsh_constituency_2009,
	title = {Constituency campaigning in {Ireland} under {STV}: {The} candidate's perspective},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Marsh, Michael},
	year = {2009},
}

@article{zittel_lost_2009,
	title = {Lost in {Technology}? {Political} {Parties} and the {Online} {Campaigns} of {Constituency} {Candidates} in {Germany}'s {Mixed} {Member} {Electoral} {System}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1933-1681},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680903048832},
	doi = {10.1080/19331680903048832},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Journal of Information Technology \& Politics},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {298--311},
}

@inproceedings{denver_is_2009,
	title = {Is there a way forward for the study of constituency campaigning in {Britain}?},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Denver, David},
	year = {2009},
}

@book{freire_representacao_2009-1,
	address = {Lisboa},
	title = {Representação {Política} em {Portugal}. {Inquéritos} e {Bases} de {Dados}},
	publisher = {Sextante},
	author = {Freire, André and Leite Viegas, José Manuel and {Filipa Seiceira}},
	year = {2009},
}

@article{wust_bundestagskandidaten_2009,
	title = {Bundestagskandidaten und {Einwanderungspolitik}: {Eine} {Analyse} zentraler {Policy}-{Aspekt}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/de/publications/journal-article/bundestagskandidaten-und-einwanderungspolitik-eine-analyse-zentraler-policy-aspekte},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft},
	author = {Wüst, A. M.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {77--105},
}

@incollection{wust_zur_2009,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	title = {Zur {Sozialisation} von {Neuparlamentariern} im 15. {Deutschen} {Bundestag}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	booktitle = {Wahlen und {Wähler}},
	publisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},
	author = {Wüst, Andreas M.},
	year = {2009},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13},
	pages = {328--345},
}

@inproceedings{Andreadis2008,
	address = {Swansea, UK},
	title = {Characteristics of {Greek} {Parliament} candidates},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	booktitle = {58th {Political} {Studies} {Association} {Annual} {Conference} "{Democracy}, {Governance} and {Conflict}: {Dilemmas} of {Theory} and {Practice}"},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Chadjipadelis, Theodore},
	year = {2008},
}

@article{Zittel2008,
	title = {Individualised {Constituency} {Campaigns} in {Mixed}-{Member} {Electoral} {Systems}: {Candidates} in the 2005 {German} {Elections}},
	volume = {31},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402380802234656},
	doi = {10.1080/01402380802234656},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {West European Politics},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	pages = {978--1003},
}

@incollection{zittel_bundestagswahlkampf_2007,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	title = {Der {Bundestagswahlkampf} von 2005 und {Kollektive} {Repräsentation}: {Ein} kurzer {Auftakt} zum langen {Abschied}?},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	booktitle = {Die {Bundestagswahl} 2005},
	publisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},
	year = {2007},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6},
	pages = {119--144},
}

@article{zittel_individualisierte_2007,
	title = {Individualisierte {Wahlkämpfe} im {Wahlkreis}. {Eine} {Analyse} am {Beispiel} des {Bundestagswahlkampfes} von 2005},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0032-3470},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Politische Vierteljahresschrift},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {293--321},
}

@article{wust_wahlverhalten_2006,
	title = {Wahlverhalten und politische {Repräsentation} von {Migranten}},
	volume = {56},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Der Bürger im Staat},
	author = {Wüst, A. M.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {228--234},
}

@article{Wust2006,
	title = {Candidates in the 2005 {Bundestag} election: {Mode} of candidacy, campaigning and issues},
	volume = {15},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576},
	doi = {10.1080/09644000601062576},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {German Politics},
	author = {Wüst, A. M. and Schmitt, H. and Gschwend, T. and Zittel, T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {420--438},
}

@incollection{zittel_comparative_2006,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Comparative {Legislative} {Behavior}},
	booktitle = {Oxford {Handbook} of {Political} {Institutions}},
	publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press.},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas},
	editor = {Rod A.W. Rhodes, Sara Binder, Bert Rockman},
	year = {2006},
}